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| DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers www.maxim-ic.com GENERAL DESCRIPTION The DS89C430, DS89C440, and DS89C450 offer the highest performance available in 8051-compatible microcontrollers. They feature newly designed processor cores that execute instructions up to 12 times faster than the original 8051 at the same crystal speed. Typical applications will experience a speed improvement up to 10x. At 1 million instructions per second (MIPS) per megahertz, the microcontrollers achieve 33 MIPS performance from a maximum 33MHz clock rate. The Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide should be used in conjunction with this data sheet. Download it at www.maxim-ic.com/microcontrollers. FEATURES High-Speed 8051 Architecture One Clock-Per-Machine Cycle DC to 33MHz Operation Single Cycle Instruction in 30ns Optional Variable Length MOVX to Access Fast/Slow Peripherals Dual Data Pointers with Automatic Increment/Decrement and Toggle Select Supports Four Paged Memory-Access Modes On-Chip Memory 16kB/32kB/64kB Flash Memory In-Application Programmable In-System Programmable Through Serial Port 1kB SRAM for MOVX 80C52 Compatible 8051 Pin and Instruction Set Compatible Four Bidirectional, 8-Bit I/O Ports Three 16-Bit Timer Counters 256 Bytes Scratchpad RAM Power-Management Mode Programmable Clock Divider Automatic Hardware and Software Exit ROMSIZE Feature Selects Internal Program Memory Size from 0 to 64kB Allows Access to Entire External Memory Map Dynamically Adjustable by Software Peripheral Features Two Full-Duplex Serial Ports Programmable Watchdog Timer 13 Interrupt Sources (Six External) Five Levels of Interrupt Priority Power-Fail Reset Early Warning Power-Fail Interrupt Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Reduction APPLICATIONS Data Logging Automotive Test Equipment Magstripe Reader/Scanner Gaming Equipment HVAC Uninterruptible Power Supplies Building Energy Control and Management White Goods (Washers, Microwaves, etc.) Vending Motor Control Consumer Electronics Telephones Programmable Logic Controllers Building Security and Door Access Control Industrial Control and Automation ORDERING INFORMATION PART DS89C430-MNL DS89C430-QNL DS89C430-ENL DS89C440-MNL DS89C440-QNL DS89C440-ENL DS89C450-MNL DS89C450-QNL DS89C450-ENL FLASH MEMORY SIZE 16kB x 8 16kB x 8 16kB x 8 32kB x 8 32kB x 8 32kB x 8 64kB x 8 64kB x 8 64kB x 8 PIN-PACKAGE 40 PDIP 44 PLCC 44 TQFP 40 PDIP 44 PLCC 44 TQFP 40 PDIP 44 PLCC 44 TQFP Complete Selector Guide appears at end of data sheet. Pin Configurations appear at end of data sheet. Note: Some revisions of this device may incorporate deviations from published specifications known as errata. Multiple revisions of any device may be simultaneously available through various sales channels. For information about device errata, click here: www.maxim-ic.com/errata. 1 of 47 REV: 060204 DS89C430/DS89C44/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS Voltage Range on Any Pin Relative to Ground.................................................................................-0.3V to (VCC + 0.5V) Voltage Range on VCC Relative to Ground...............................................................................................-0.3V to +6.0V Ambient Temperature Range (under bias).............................................................................................-40C to +85C Storage Temperature Range.............................................................................................................-55C to +125C Soldering Temperature...................................................................................................See IPC/JEDEC J-STD-020A Stresses beyond those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the specifications is not implied. Exposure to the absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. DC ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V, TO = -40C to +85C.) (Note 1) PARAMETER Supply Voltage (Notes 2, 3) Power-Fail Warning (Notes 2, 4) Reset Trip Point (Min Operating Voltage) (Notes 2, 3, 4) Supply Current, Active Mode (Note 5) Supply Current, Idle Mode at 33MHz (Note 6) Supply Current, Stop Mode, Bandgap Disabled (Note 7) Supply Current, Stop Mode, Bandgap Enabled (Note 7) Input Low Level (Note 2) Input High Level (Note 2) Input High Level XTAL and RST (Note 2) Output Low Voltage, Port 1 and 3 at IOL = 1.6mA (Note 2) Output Low Voltage, Port 0 and 2, ALE, PSEN at IOL = 3.2mA (Note 2) Output High Voltage, Port 1, 2, and 3, at IOH = -50mA (Notes 2, 8) Output High Voltage, Port 1, 2, and 3 at IOH = -1.5mA (Notes 2, 9) Output High Voltage, Port 0, 1, 2, ALE, PSEN, RD, WR in Bus Mode at IOH = -8mA (Notes 2, 10) Output High Voltage, RST at IOL = -0.4mA (Note 2, 11) Input Low Current, Port 1, 2, and 3 at 0.4V Transition Current from 1 to 0, Port 1, 2, and 3 at 2V (Note 12) Input Leakage Current, Port 0 in I/O Mode and EA (Note 13) Input Current, Port 0 in Bus Mode (Note 14) RST Pulldown Resistance (Note 13) SYMBOL VCC VPFW VRST ICC IIDLE ISTOP ISPBG VIL VIH VIH2 VOL1 VOL2 VOH1 VOH2 VOH3 VOH4 IIL ITL IL IL RRST 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 -50 -650 -10 -300 50 120 +10 +300 200 -0.3 2.0 3.5 0.15 0.15 MIN 4.5 4.2 3.95 TYP 5.0 4.375 4.125 75 40 1 150 MAX 5.5 4.6 4.35 110 50 100 300 +0.8 VCC + 0.3 VCC + 0.3 0.45 0.45 UNITS V V V mA mA mA mA V V V V V V V V V mA mA mA mA kW 2 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Note 1: Note 2: Note 3: Specifications to -40C are guaranteed by design and not production tested. All voltages are referenced to ground. The user should note that this part is tested and guaranteed to operate down to 4.5V (10%) and that VRST (min) is specified below that point. This indicates that there is a range of voltages [(VMIN to VRST (min)] where the processor's operation is not guaranteed, but the reset trip point has not been reached. This should not be an issue in most applications, but should be considered when proper operation must be maintained at all times. For these applications, it may be desirable to use a more accurate external reset. While the specifications for VPFW and VRST overlap, the design of the hardware makes it so this is not possible. Within the ranges given, there is guaranteed separation between these two voltages. Active current is measured with a 33MHz clock source driving XTAL1, VCC = RST = 5.5V. All other pins are disconnected. Idle mode current is measured with a 33MHz clock source driving XTAL1, VCC = 5.5V, RST at ground. All other pins are disconnected. Stop mode is measured with XTAL and RST grounded, VCC = 5.5V. All other pins are disconnected. RST = 5.5V. This condition mimics the operation of pins in I/O mode. During a 0-to-1 transition, a one shot drives the ports hard for two clock cycles. This measurement reflects a port pin in transition mode. When addressing external memory. Guaranteed by design. Ports 1, 2, and 3 source transition current when pulled down externally. The current reaches its maximum at approximately 2V. RST = 5.5V. Port 0 is floating during reset and when in the logic-high state during I/O mode. This port is a weak address holding latch in bus mode. Peak current occurs near the input transition point of the holding latch at approximately 2V. Note 4: Note 5: Note 6: Note 7: Note 8: Note 9: Note 10: Note 11: Note 12: Note 13: Note 14: 3 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 AC CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V, TO = -40C to +85C.) (See Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3.) 1-CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MIN System Clock External Oscillator (Note 15) System Clock External Crystal (Note 15) ALE Pulse Width (Note 16) Port 0 Instruction Address Valid to ALE Low Port 2 Instruction Address Valid to ALE Low Port 0 Data AddressValid to ALE Low Program Address Hold After ALE Low Address Hold after ALE Low MOVX Write Address Hold after ALE Low MOVX Read ALE Low to Valid Instruction In 1/tCLCL 1/tCLCL 0 1 0.5tCLCL - 2 + tSTC3 MAX 33 33 2-CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MIN 0 1 tCLCL - 2 + tSTC3 MAX 33 33 4-CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MIN 0 1 2tCLCL - 4 + tSTC3 MAX 33 33 PAGE MODE 2 MIN 0 1 1.5tCLCL - 5 + tSTC3 tCLCL - 3 MAX 33 33 NONPAGE MODE MIN 0 1 1.5tCLCL - 5 + tSTC3 0.5tCLCL - 3 MAX 33 MHz 33 ns PARAMETER SYMBOL UNITS tLHLL tAVLL ns tAVLL2 0.5tCLCL - 4 0.5tCLCL - 4 1.5tCLCL - 4 0.5tCLCL - 4 tCLCL - 3 + tSTC3 tCLCL - 4 0.5tCLCL - 3 + tSTC3 1tCLCL - 10 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2 2tCLCL - 6 2tCLCL - 6 ns tAVLL3 ns tLLAX 0.5tCLCL - 8 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4 1.5tCLCL - 8 1.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4 1.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC4 2.5tCLCL - 8 2.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC3 2.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC3 1tCLCL - 10 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC3 ns tLLAX2 ns tLLAX3 ns tLLIV ns ALE Low to PSEN Low PSEN Pulse Width for Program Fetch tLLPL 1.5tCLCL - 6 0.5tCLCL - 2 ns tPLPH tCLCL - 5 tCLCL - 5 2tCLCL - 5 tCLCL - 5 2tCLCL - 5 ns 4 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers AC CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V, TO = -40C to +85C.) (See Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3.) PARAMETER SYMBOL 1-CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MIN PSEN Low to Valid Instruction In Input Instruction Hold After PSEN Input Instruction Float After PSEN Port 0 Address to Valid Instruction In Port 2 Address to Valid Instruction In PSEN Low to Port 0 Address Float RD Pulse Width (P3.7) (Note 16) WR Pulse Width (P3.6) (Note 16) RD (P3.7) Low to Valid Data In (Note 16) Data Hold After RD (P3.7) tPLIV MAX tCLCL - 20 2-CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MIN MAX tCLCL - 20 4-CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MIN MAX 2tCLCL - 20 PAGE MODE 2 MIN MAX tCLCL - 20 NONPAGE MODE MIN MAX 2tCLCL - 20 ns UNITS tPXIX 0 0 0 0 0 ns tPXIZ tCLCL - 5 tCLCL - 5 ns tAVIV0 1.5tCLCL - 22 3tCLCL - 22 ns tAVIV2 tCLCL - 20 1.5tCLCL - 20 2.5tCLCL - 20 3tCLCL - 20 3.5tCLCL - 20 ns tPLAZ tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 tCLCL - 18 + tSTC1 0 0 tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 tCLCL - 18 + tSTC1 0 2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 2tCLCL - 18 + tSTC1 0 2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 0 2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 2tCLCL - 18 + tSTC1 0 0 ns tRLRH ns tWLWH ns tRLDV 2tCLCL - 18 + tSTC1 ns tRHDX ns Data Float After RD (P3.7) MOVX ALE Low to Input Data Valid (Note 16) tRHDZ tCLCL - 5 2tCLCL - 8 + tSTC1 tCLCL - 5 2tCLCL - 5 + tSTC1 ns tLLDV ns 5 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers AC CHARACTERISTICS (continued) (VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V, TO = -40C to +85C.) (See Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3.) PARAMETER SYMBOL 1-CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MIN Port 0 Address to Valid Data In (Note 16) Port 2 Address to Valid Data In (Note 16) ALE Low to RD or WR Low (Note 16) Port 0 Address Valid to RD or WR Low (Note 16) Port 2 Address Valid to RD or WR Low (Note 16) Data Out Valid to WR Transition (Note 15) Data Hold After WR (Note 15) RD or WR High to ALE High (Note 15) tAVDV0 tCLCL - 20 + tSTC1 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2 0.5tCLCL + 6 + tSTC2 2tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2 1.5tCLCL 20 + tSTC1 2tCLCL + 6 + tSTC2 4tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2 3.5tCLCL 20 + tSTC1 4tCLCL + 6 + tSTC2 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2 1.5tCLCL - 5 + tSTC2 0 + tSTC5 - 5 0.5tCLCL - 5 + tSTC5 -5 tCLCL + tSTC2 - 10 tSTC2 + 4 tSTC2 - 2 tSTC2 + 4 1.5tCLCL - 5 + tSTC5 -5 tCLCL + tSTC2 - 10 tSTC2 - 2 tSTC2 + 4 tCLCL - 5 + tSTC5 -5 tCLCL + tSTC2 - 10 tSTC2 - 2 tSTC2 + 4 MAX 2-CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MIN MAX 4-CYCLE PAGE MODE 1 MIN MAX PAGE MODE 2 MIN MAX 3tCLCL - 20 + tSTC1 3.0tCLCL - 20 + tSTC1 0.5tCLCL + 4 + tSTC2 0.5tCLCL - 8 + tSTC2 tCLCL - 5 + tSTC2 1.5tCLCL - 5 + tSTC5 -5 tCLCL + tSTC2 - 10 tSTC2 - 2 tSTC2 + 4 NONPAGE MODE MIN MAX 3tCLCL - 20 + tSTC1 3.5tCLCL 20 + tSTC1 0.5tCLCL + 5 + tSTC2 ns UNITS tAVDV2 tLLRL (tLLWL) ns ns tAVRL0 (tAVWL0) ns tAVRL2 (tAVWL2) tQVWX ns -5 tCLCL + tSTC2 - 10 tSTC2 - 2 ns tWHQX tRHLH (tWHLH) ns ns Note: Specifications to -40C are guaranteed by design and are not production tested. AC electrical characteristics assume 50% duty cycle for the oscillator and are not 100% tested, but are guaranteed by design. 6 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Note 15: The clock divide and crystal multiplier control bits in the PMR register determine the system clock frequency and the minimum/ maximum external clock speed. The term "1/tCLCL" used in the AC Characteristics variable timing table is determined from the following table. The minimum/maximum external clock speed columns clarify that [(external clock speed) x (multipliers)] cannot exceed the rated speed of the device. In addition, the use of the crystal multiplier feature establishes a minimum external speed. CD1 0 0 0 1 1 CD0 0 0 1 0 1 Number of External Clock Cycles per System Clock (1/tCLCL) 1/4 1/2 Reserved 1 1024 External Clock Speed Min 5MHz 10MHz -- See AC Characteristics See AC Characteristics Max 8.25MHz 16.5MHz -- See AC Characteristics See AC Characteristics 4X/2X 1 0 X X X Note 16: External MOVX instruction times are dependent upon the setting of the MD2, MD1, and MD0 bits in the clock control register. The terms "tSTC1, tSTC2, tSTC3" used in the variable timing table above are calculated through the use of the table given below. MD2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 MD1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 MD0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 MOVX Instruction Time 2 Machine Cycles 3 Machine Cycles 4 Machine Cycles 5 Machine Cycles 6 Machine Cycles 7 Machine Cycles 8 Machine Cycles 9 Machine Cycles tSTC1 0 tCLCL 2 tCLCL 6 tCLCL 10 tCLCL 14 tCLCL 18 tCLCL 22 tCLCL 26 tCLCL tSTC2 0 tCLCL 1 tCLCL 1 tCLCL 1 tCLCL 5 tCLCL 5 tCLCL 5 tCLCL 5 tCLCL tSTC3 0 tCLCL 0 tCLCL 0 tCLCL 0 tCLCL 4 tCLCL 4 tCLCL 4 tCLCL 4 tCLCL tSTC4 0 tCLCL 0 tCLCL 0 tCLCL 0 tCLCL 1 tCLCL 1 tCLCL 1 tCLCL 1 tCLCL tSTC5 0 tCLCL 1 tCLCL 1 tCLCL 1 tCLCL 1 tCLCL 1 tCLCL 1 tCLCL 1 tCLCL Note 17: Maximum load capacitance (to meet the above timing) for Port 0, ALE, PSEN, WR, and RD is limited to 60pF. XTAL1 and XTAL2 load capacitance are dependent upon the frequency of the selected crystal. Figure 1. Nonpage Mode Timing XTAL1 ALE tCLCL tAVLL2 tLHLL tAVLL3 tLLAX3 tPLPH tPLIV tRLRH tPLAZ tLLAX2 PSEN RD tAVLL tLLPL tPXIX tWHLH tLLWL tWLWH WR tLLDV tLLIV tLLAX tAVIV0 LSB MOVX tAVDV0 tRLDV LSB DATA tRHDX tRHDZ LSB tAVWL0 tWHQX tQVWX OPCODE LSB DATA Port 0 LSB MOVX tPXIZ Port 2 MSB tAVWL2 tAVDV2 MSB MSB tAVIV2 MSB MSB 7 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Figure 2. Page Mode 1 Timing XTAL1 tCLCL ALE tLHLL tAVLL2 tLLAX3 tLLWL tRLRH tQVWX tPXIX tPLIV OPCODE PSEN tPLPH tLLAX tLLAX2 tWHLH RD tWHQX tWLWH WR tRHDX tAVIV2 Port 0 OPCODE MOVX MOVX tRLDV DATA tAVWL2 DATA tAVDV2 Port 2 LSB LSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB Figure 3. Page Mode 2 Timing XTAL1 ALE tCLCL tAVLL tAVLL2 tLLPL tPLIV tLHLL tPLPH tAVLL3 tLLAX3 tPLAZ tRLRH tLLDV tRLDV tAVWL0 tRHDX LSB tLLAX2 PSEN RD tWHLH tLLWL tWLWH tWHQX LSB WR tAVIV0 tPXIX tLLIV tAVWL2 tAVDV0 Port 0 LSB LSB LSB LSB tPXIZ tLLAX Port 2 MSB OPCODE MOVX MOVX tAVDV2 MSB DATA tRHDZ tAVIV2 MSB OPCODE MSB tQVWX DATA 8 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers EXTERNAL CLOCK CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V, TO = -40C to +85C.) PARAMETER Clock High Time Clock Low Time Clock Rise Time Clock Fall Time SYMBOL tCHCX tCLCX tCLCH tCHCL MIN 10 10 5 5 MAX UNITS ns ns ns ns SERIAL PORT MODE 0 TIMING CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V, TO = -40C to +85C.) (Figure 4) PARAMETER SYMBOL CONDITIONS SM2 = 0 Clock Cycle Time tXLXL SM2 = 1 SM2 = 0 tQVXH SM2 = 1 SM2 = 0 tXHQX SM2 = 1 SM2 = 0 tXHDX SM2 = 1 SM2 = 0 tXHDV SM2 = 1 40 3tCLCL - 50 ns 0 200 0 10tCLCL - 100 ns 20 0 tCLCL - 100 0 ns 40 50 33MHz MIN 360 120 200 MAX VARIABLE MIN 12tCLCL 4tCLCL 10tCLCL 100 3tCLCL - 10 2tCLCL - 10 MAX UNITS ns ns ns ns ns Output Data Setup to Clock Rising Output Data Hold to Clock Rising Input Data Hold After Clock Rising Clock Rising Edge to Input Data Valid Note: SM2 is the serial port 0 mode bit 2. When serial port 0 is operating in mode 0 (SM0 = SM1 = 0), SM2 determines the number of crystal clocks in a serial port clock cycle. 9 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Figure 4. Serial Port Timing SERIAL PORT (SYNCHRONOUS MODE) SM2 = 1 TDX CLOCK = XTAL FREQ/4 ALE PSEN WRITE TO SBUF RXD DATA OUT TXD CLOCK tQVXH D0 tXHQX DI D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 TRANSMIT tXLXL TI WRITE TO SCON TO CLEAR RI RXD DATA IN TXD CLOCK R1 D0 DI D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 RECEIVE tXHDV tXHDX SERIAL PORT (SYNCHRONOUS MODE) SM2 = 0 TDX CLOCK = XTAL FREQ/12 ALE PSEN 1/(XTAL FREQ/12) WRITE TO SBUF RXD DATA OUT TXD CLOCK TI D0 DI D6 D7 TRANSMIT WRITE TO SCON TXD CLOCK TO CLEAR RI RXD DATA IN TXD CLOCK R1 D0 DI D6 D7 RECEIVE 10 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers POWER-CYCLE TIMING CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V, TO = -40C to +85C.) PARAMETER Crystal Startup Time (Note 18) Power-On Reset Delay (Note 19) SYMBOL tCSU tPOR MIN TYP 8 65,536 MAX UNITS ms tCLCL Note 18: Startup time for a crystal varies with load capacitance and manufacturer. The time shown is for an 11.0592MHz crystal manufactured by Fox Electronics. Note 19: Reset delay is a synchronous counter of crystal oscillations after crystal startup. Counting begins when the level on the XTAL1 pin meets the VIH2 criteria. At 33MHz, this time is 1.99ms. FLASH MEMORY PROGRAMMING CHARACTERISTICS (VCC = 4.5V to 5.5V) PARAMETER Data Retention Write/Erase Endurance Program/Time Erase Time SYMBOL tDR tENDURE tPROG tERASE 4 MIN 100 10,000 40 TYP MAX UNITS years cycles ms ms 11 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers PIN DESCRIPTION PIN PDIP 40 20 PLCC 12, 44 1, 22, 23, 34 10 21 20 TQFP 6, 38 16, 17, 28, 39 4 15 14 NAME VCC GND +5V Logic Ground External Reset. The RST input pin is bidirectional and contains a Schmitt Trigger to recognize external active-high reset inputs. The pin also employs an internal pulldown resistor to allow for a combination of wire-ORed external reset sources. An RC is not required for power-up, as the device provides this function internally. Crystal Oscillators. These pins provide support for fundamental-mode parallel-resonant AT-cut crystals. XTAL1 also acts as an input if there is an external clock source in place of a crystal. XTAL2 serves as the output of the crystal amplifier. Program Store Enable. This signal is commonly connected to optional external program memory as a chip enable. PSEN provides an active-low pulse and is driven high when external program memory is not being accessed. In one-cycle page mode 1, PSEN remains low for consecutive page hits. Address Latch Enable. This signal functions as a clock to latch the external address LSB from the multiplexed address/data bus on Port 0. This signal is commonly connected to the latch enable of an external 373-family transparent latch. In default mode, ALE has a pulse width of 1.5 XTAL1 cycles and a period of four XTAL1 cycles. In page mode, the ALE pulse width is altered according to the page mode selection. In traditional 8051 mode, ALE is high when using the EMI reduction mode and during a reset condition. ALE can be enabled by writing ALEON = 1 (PMR.2). Note that ALE operates independently of ALEON during external memory accesses. As an alternate mode, this pin (PROG) is used to execute the parallel program function. Port 0 (AD0-AD7), I/O. Port 0 is an open-drain, 8-bit, bidirectional I/O port. As an alternate function, Port 0 can function as the multiplexed address/data bus to access offchip memory. During the time when ALE is high, the LSB of a memory address is presented. When ALE falls to logic 0, the port transitions to a bidirectional data bus. This bus is used to read external program memory and read/write external RAM or peripherals. When used as a memory bus, the port provides weak pullups for logic 1 outputs. The reset condition of port 0 is tri-state. Pullup resistors are required only when using port 0 as an I/O port. FUNCTION 9 19 18 RST XTAL1 XTAL2 PSEN 29 32 26 30 33 27 ALE/PROG 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 P0.0 (AD0) P0.1 (AD1) P0.2 (AD2) P0.3 (AD3) P0.4 (AD4) P0.5 (AD5) P0.6 (AD6) P0.7 (AD7) 12 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers PIN DESCRIPTION (continued) PIN PDIP 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 PLCC 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 11 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 TQFP 40 41 42 43 44 1 2 3 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 NAME P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 P2.0 (A8) P2.1 (A9) P2.2(A10) P2.3(A11) P2.4(A12) P2.5(A13) P2.6(A14) P2.7(A15) P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 FUNCTION Port 1, I/O. Port 1 functions as both an 8-bit, bidirectional I/O port and an alternate functional interface for timer 2 I/O, new external interrupts, and new serial port 1. The reset condition of port 1 is with all bits at logic 1. In this state, a weak pullup holds the port high. This condition also serves as an input state, since any external circuit that writes to the port overcomes the weak pullup. When software writes a 0 to any port pin, the DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 activate a strong pulldown that remains on until either a 1 is written or a reset occurs. Writing a 1 after the port has been at 0 causes a strong transition driver to turn on, followed by a weaker sustaining pullup. Once the momentary strong driver turns off, the port again becomes the output high (and input) state. The alternate functions of port 1 are as follows: PORT P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 ALTERNATE T2 T2EX RXD1 TXD1 INT2 INT3 INT4 FUNCTION External I/O for Timer/Counter2 Timer 2 Capture/Reload Trigger Serial Port 1 Receive Serial Port 1 Transmit External Interrupt 2 (Positive Edge Detect) External Interrupt 3 (Negative Edge Detect) External Interrupt 4 (Positive Edge Detect) P1.7 INT5 External Interrupt 5 (Negative Edge Detect) Port 2 (A8-A15), I/O. Port 2 is an 8-bit, bidirectional I/O port. The reset condition of port 2 is logic high. In this state, a weak pullup holds the port high. This condition also serves as an input mode, since any external circuit that writes to the port overcomes the weak pullup. When software writes a 0 to any port pin, the DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 activate a strong pulldown that remains on until either a 1 is written or a reset occurs. Writing a 1 after the port has been at 0 causes a strong transition driver to turn on, followed by a weaker sustaining pullup. Once the momentary strong driver turns off, the port again becomes both the output high and input state. As an alternate function, port 2 can function as the MSB of the external address bus when reading external program memory and read/write external RAM or peripherals. In page mode 1, port 2 provides both the MSB and LSB of the external address bus. In page mode 2, it provides the MSB and data. Port 3, I/O. Port 3 functions as both an 8-bit, bidirectional I/O port and an alternate functional interface for external interrupts, serial port 0, timer 0 and 1 inputs, and RD and WR strobes. The reset condition of port 3 is with all bits at a logic 1. In this state, a weak pullup holds the port high. This condition also serves as an input mode, since any external circuit that writes to the port overcomes the weak pullup. When software writes a 0 to any port pin, the DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 activate a strong pulldown that remains on until either a 1 is written or a reset occurs. Writing a 1 after the port has been at 0 causes a strong transition driver to turn on, followed by a weaker sustaining pullup. Once the momentary strong driver turns off, the port again becomes both the output high and input state. The alternate modes of port 3 are as follows: PORT P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 ALTERNATE RXD0 TXD0 INT0 INT1 T0 T1 WR RD FUNCTION Serial Port 0 Receive Serial Port 0 Transmit External Interrupt 0 External Interrupt 1 Timer 0 External Input Timer 1 External Input External Data Memory Write Strobe External Data Memory Read Strobe 31 35 29 EA External Access. Allows selection of internal or external program memory. Connect to ground to force the DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 to use an external memory program memory. The internal RAM is still accessible as determined by register settings. Connect to VCC to use internal flash memory. 13 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Figure 5. Functional Diagram CONTROL AND SEQUENCER INTERRUPT INTERNAL REGISTERS SFRs DPTR PC AR INC AR CPU DECODER IR INTERNAL CONTROL BUS DPTR1 SP ADDRESS BUS SERIAL I/O TIMER/ COUNTERS 1kB x 8 RAM 16kB/32kB 64kB x 8 FLASH I/O PORTS WATCHDOG TIMER AND POWER MANAGER CLOCK AND RESET MEMORY CONTROL ROM LOADER DETAILED DESCRIPTION The DS89C430, DS89C440, and DS89C450 are pin compatible with all three packages of the standard 8051 and include standard resources such as three timer/counters, serial port, and four 8-bit I/O ports. The three part numbers vary only by the amount of internal flash memory (DS89C430 = 16kB, DS89C440 = 32kB, DS89C450 = 64kB), which can be in-system/in-application programmed from a serial port using ROM-resident or user-defined loader software. For volume deployments, the flash can also be loaded externally using standard commercially available parallel programmers. Besides greater speed, the DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 include 1kB of data RAM, a second full hardware serial port, seven additional interrupts, two extra levels of interrupt priority, programmable watchdog timer, brownout monitor, and power-fail reset. Dual data pointers (DPTRs) are included to speed up block data-memory moves with further enhancements coming from selectable automatic increment/decrement and toggle select operation. The speed of MOVX data memory access can be adjusted by adding stretch values up to 10 machine cycles for flexibility in selecting external memory and peripherals. A power management mode consumes significantly lower power by slowing the CPU execution rate from one clock period per cycle to 1024 clock periods per cycle. A selectable switchback feature can automatically cancel this mode to enable normal speed responses to interrupts. For EMI-sensitive applications, the microcontroller can disable the ALE signal when the processor is not accessing external memory. 14 of 47 ALE/PROG Dallas Semiconductor DS89C430/DS89C440/ DS89C450 XTAL1 XTAL2 RST PSEN EA P0 P1 P2 P3 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Terminology The term DS89C430 is used in the remainder of the document to refer to the DS89C430, DS89C440, and DS89C450, unless otherwise specified. Compatibility The DS89C430 is a fully static CMOS 8051-compatible microcontroller similar in functional features to the DS87C520, but it offers much higher performance. In most cases, the DS89C430 can drop into an existing socket for the 8xC51 family, immediately improving the operation. While remaining familiar to 8051 family users, the DS89C430 has many new features. In general, software written for existing 8051-based systems works without modification on the DS89C430, with the exception of critical timing routines, as the DS89C430 performs its instructions much faster for any given crystal selection. The DS89C430 provides three 16-bit timer/counters, two full-duplex serial ports, and 256 bytes of direct RAM plus 1kB of extra MOVX RAM. I/O ports can operate as in standard 8051 products. Timers default to 12 clocks-percycle operation to keep their timing compatible with a legacy 8051 family systems. However, timers are individually programmable to run at the new one clock per cycle if desired. The DS89C430 provides several new hardware features, described in subsequent sections, implemented by new special-function registers (SFRs). Performance Overview Featuring a completely redesigned high-speed 8051-compatible core, the DS89C430 allows operation at a higher clock frequency. This updated core does not have the wasted memory cycles that are present in a standard 8051. A conventional 8051 generates machine cycles using the clock frequency divided by 12. The same machine cycle takes one clock in the DS89C430. Thus, the fastest instructions execute 12 times faster for the same crystal frequency (and actually 24 times faster for the INC data pointer instruction). It should be noted that this speed improvement is reduced when using external memory access modes that require more than one clock per cycle. Individual program improvement depends on the instructions used. Speed-sensitive applications would make the most use of instructions that are 12 times faster. However, the sheer number of 12-to-1 improved op codes makes dramatic speed improvements likely for any code. These architectural improvements produce instruction cycle times as low as 30ns. The dual data pointer feature also allows the user to eliminate wasted instructions when moving blocks of memory. The new page modes allow for increased efficiency in external memory accesses. Instruction Set Summary All instructions have the same functionality as their 8051 counterparts, including their affect on bits, flags, and other status functions. However, the timing of each instruction is different, in both absolute and relative number of clocks. For absolute timing of real-time events, the duration of software loops can be calculated using information given in the Instruction Set table in the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide. However, counter/timers default to run at the older 12 clocks per increment. In this way, timer-based events occur at the standard intervals with software executing at higher speed. Timers optionally can run at a reduced number of clocks per increment to take advantage of faster processor operation. The relative time of some instructions may be different in the new architecture. For example, in the original architecture, the "MOVX A, @DPTR" instruction and the "MOV direct, direct" instruction used two machine cycles or 24 oscillator cycles. Therefore, they required the same amount of time. In the DS89C430, the MOVX instruction takes as little as two machine cycles or two oscillator cycles, but the "MOV direct, direct" uses three machine cycles or three oscillator cycles. While both are faster than their original counterparts, they now have different execution times. This is because the DS89C430 usually uses one machine cycle for each instruction byte and requires one cycle for execution. The user concerned with precise program timing should examine the timing of each instruction to become familiar with the changes. Special-Function Registers (SFRs) All peripherals and operations that are not explicit instructions in the DS89C430 are controlled through SFRs. The most common features basic to the architecture are mapped to the SFRs. These include the CPU registers (ACC, B, and PSW), data pointers, stack pointer, I/O ports, timer/counters, and serial ports. In many cases, an SFR controls an individual function or reports the function's status. The SFRs reside in register locations 80h-FFh and are only accessible by direct addressing. SFRs with addresses ending in 0h or 8h are bit addressable. 15 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers All standard SFR locations from the 8051 are duplicated in the DS89C430, and several SFRs have been added for the unique features of the DS89C430. Most of these features are controlled by bits in SFRs located in unused locations in the 8051 SFR map, allowing for increased functionality while maintaining complete instruction set compatibility. Table 1 shows the SFRs and their locations. Table 2 specifies the default reset condition for all SFR bits. Data Pointers The data pointers (DPTR and DPTR1) are used to assign a memory address for the MOVX instructions. This address can point to a MOVX RAM location (on-chip or off-chip) or a memory-mapped peripheral. Two pointers are useful when moving data from one memory area to another, or when using a memory-mapped peripheral for both source and destination addresses. The user can select the active pointer through a dedicated SFR bit (SEL = DPS.0), or can activate an automatic toggling feature for altering the pointer selection (TSL = DPS.5). An additional feature, if selected, provides automatic incrementing or decrementing of the current DPTR. Stack Pointer The stack pointer denotes the register location at the top of the stack, which is the last used value. The user can place the stack anywhere in the scratchpad RAM by setting the stack pointer to the desired location, although the lower bytes are normally used for working registers. I/O Ports The DS89C430 offers four 8-bit I/O ports. Each I/O port is represented by an SFR location and can be written or read. The I/O port has a latch that contains the value written by software. Counter/Timers Three 16-bit timer/counters are available in the DS89C430. Each timer is contained in two SFR locations that can be read or written by software. The timers are controlled by other SFRs, described in the SFR Bit Description section of the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide. Serial Ports The DS89C430 provides two UARTs that are controlled and accessed by SFRs. Each UART has an address that is used to read and write the value contained in the UART. The same address is used for both read and write operations, and the read and write operations are distinguished by the instruction. Its own SFR control register controls each UART. Table 1. SFR Register Map REGISTER P0 SP DPL DPH DPL1 DPH1 DPS PCON TCON TMOD TL0 TL1 TH0 ADDRESS 80h 81h 82h 83h 84h 85h 86h 87h 88h 89h 8Ah 8Bh 8Ch ID1 SMOD_0 TF1 GATE ID0 SMOD0 TR1 C/T TSL OFDF TF0 M1 AID OFDE TR0 M0 -- GF1 IE1 GATE -- GF0 IT1 C/T -- STOP IE0 M1 SEL IDLE IT0 M0 BIT 7 P0.7 BIT 6 P0.6 BIT 5 P0.5 BIT 4 P0.4 BIT 3 P0.3 BIT 2 P0.2 BIT 1 P0.1 BIT 0 P0.0 16 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Table 1. SFR Register Map (continued) REGISTER TH1 CKCON P1 EXIF CKMOD SCON0 SBUF0 ACON P2 IE SADDR0 SADDR1 P3 IP1 IP0 SADEN0 SADEN1 SCON1 SBUF1 ROMSIZE PMR STATUS TA T2CON T2MOD RCAP2L RCAP2H TL2 TH2 PSW FCNTL FDATA WDCON ACC EIE B EIP1 EIP0 ADDRESS 8Dh 8Eh 90h 91h 96h 98h 99h 9Dh A0h A8h A9h AAh B0h B1h B8h B9h BAh C0h C1h C2h C4h C5h C7h C8h C9h CAh CBh CCh CDh D0h D5h D6h D8h E0h E8h F0h F1h F8h -- -- -- -- -- -- MPWDI LPWDI MPX5 LPX5 MPX4 LPX4 MPX3 LPX3 MPX2 LPX2 -- -- -- EWDI EX5 EX4 EX3 EX2 SMOD_1 POR EPFI PFI WDIF WTRF EWT RWT CY FBUSY AC FERR F0 RS1 RS0 FC3 OV FC2 F1 FC1 P FC0 TF2 EXF2 RCLK TCLK EXEN2 TR2 C/T2 T2OE CP/RL2 DCEN CD1 PIS2 CD0 PIS1 SWB PIS0 CTM -- PRAME 4X/2X SPTA1 RMS2 ALEON SPRA1 RMS1 DME1 SPTA0 RMS0 DME0 SPRA0 SM0/FE_1 SM1_1 SM2_1 REN_1 TB8_1 RB8_1 TI_1 RI_1 P3.7/RD -- -- P3.6/WR MPS1 LPS1 P3.5/T1 MPT2 LPT2 P3.4/T0 MPS0 LPS0 P3.3/INT1 MPT1 LPT1 P3.2/INT0 MPX1 LPX1 P3.1/TXD0 MPT0 LPT0 P3.0/RXD0 MPX0 LPX0 PAGEE P2.7 EA PAGES1 P2.6 ES1 PAGES0 P2.5 ET2 -- P2.4 ES0 -- P2.3 ET1 -- P2.2 EX1 -- P2.1 ET0 -- P2.0 EX0 SM0/FE_0 SM1_0 WD1 P1.7/INT5 IE5 WD0 P1.6/INT4 IE4 T2M P1.5/INT3 IE3 T2MH SM2_0 T1M P1.4/INT2 IE2 T1MH REN_0 T0M P1.3/TXD1 CKRY T0MH TB8_0 MD2 P1.2/RXD1 RGMD -- RB8_0 MD1 P1.1/T2EX RGSL -- TI_0 MD0 P1.0/T2 BGS -- RI_0 BIT 7 BIT 6 BIT 5 BIT 4 BIT 3 BIT 2 BIT 1 BIT 0 Note: Shaded bits are timed-access protected. 17 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Table 2. SFR Reset Value REGISTER P0 SP DPL DPH DPL1 DPH1 DPS PCON TCON TMOD TL0 TL1 TH0 TH1 CKCON P1 EXIF CKMOD SCON0 SBUF0 ACON P2 IE SADDR0 SADDR1 P3 IP1 IP0 SADEN0 SADEN1 SCON1 SBUF1 ROMSIZE PMR STATUS TA T2CON T2MOD RCAP2L RCAP2H ADDRESS 80h 81h 82h 83h 84h 85h 86h 87h 88h 89h 8Ah 8Bh 8Ch 8Dh 8Eh 90h 91h 96h 98h 99h 9Dh A0h A8h A9h AAh B0h B1h B8h B9h BAh C0h C1h C2h C4h C5h C7h C8h C9h CAh CBh BIT 7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 BIT 6 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 BIT 5 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Special 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 BIT 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 Special 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 BIT 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Special 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 BIT 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Special 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 BIT 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 Special 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 BIT 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 18 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Table 2. SFR Reset Value (continued) REGISTER TL2 TH2 PSW FCNTL FDATA WDCON ACC EIE B EIP1 EIP0 ADDRESS CCh CDh D0h D5h D6h D8h E0h E8h F0h F1h F8h BIT 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 BIT 6 0 0 0 0 0 Special 0 1 0 1 1 BIT 5 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 BIT 4 0 0 0 1 0 Special 0 0 0 0 0 BIT 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 BIT 2 0 0 0 0 0 Special 0 0 0 0 0 BIT 1 0 0 0 0 0 Special 0 0 0 0 0 BIT 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Note: Consult the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide for more information about the bits marked "Special." Memory Organization There are three distinct memory areas in the DS89C430: scratchpad registers, program memory, and data memory. The registers are located on-chip but the program and data memory spaces can be on-chip, off-chip, or both. The DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 have 16kB/32kB/64kB of on-chip program memory, respectively, implemented in flash memory and also have 1kB of on-chip data memory space that can be configured as program space using the PRAME bit in the ROMSIZE feature. The DS89C430 uses a memory-addressing scheme that separates program memory from data memory. The program and data segments can be overlapped since they are accessed in different manners. If the maximum address of on-chip program or data memory is exceeded, the DS89C430 performs an external memory access using the expanded memory bus. The PSEN signal goes active low to serve as a chip enable or output enable when performing a code fetch from external program memory. MOVX instructions activate the RD or WR signal for external MOVX data memory access. The program memory ROMSIZE feature allows software to dynamically configure the maximum address of on-chip program memory. This allows the DS89C430 to act as a bootloader for an external memory. It also enables the use of the overlapping external program spaces. The lower 128 bytes of on-chip flash memory--if ROMSIZE is greater than 0--are used to store reset and interrupt vectors. 256 bytes of on-chip RAM serve as a register area and program stack, which are separated from the data memory. Register Space Registers are located in the 256 bytes of on-chip RAM labeled "internal registers" (Figure 6), which can be divided into two sub areas of 128 bytes each. Separate classes of instructions are used to access the registers and the program/data memory. The upper 128 bytes are overlapped with the 128 bytes of SFRs in the memory map. Indirect addressing is used to access the upper 128 bytes of scratchpad RAM, while the SFR area is accessed using direct addressing. The lower 128 bytes can be accessed using direct or indirect addressing. There are four banks of eight working registers in the lower 128 bytes of scratchpad RAM. The working registers are general-purpose RAM locations that can be addressed within the selected bank by any instructions that use R0-R7. The register bank selection is controlled through the program status register in the SFR area. The contents of the working registers can be used for indirect addressing of the upper 128 bytes of scratchpad RAM. Individually addressable bits in the RAM and SFR areas support Boolean operations. In the scratchpad RAM area, registers 20h-2Fh are bit addressable by software using Boolean operation instructions. Another use of the scratchpad RAM area is for the stack. The stack pointer, contained in the SFRs, is used to select storage locations for program variables and for return addresses of control operations. 19 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Figure 6. Memory Map (as shown for the DS89C430) FFFF FFFF INTERNAL MEMORY 03FF 1K x 8 SRAM Data OR prog mem addr from 400 - 7FF 4000 INTERNAL REGISTERS 128 Bytes SFR FF 0000 3FFF External Program Memory External Data Memory 128 Bytes Indirect Addressing 80 2000 1FFF Bit Addressable 8K x 8 Flash Memory (Program) 7F 2F 20 1F Bank 3 Bank 2 Bank 1 Bank 0 8K x 8 Flash Memory (Program) 0000 0000 03FF 00 0000 Memory Configuration As illustrated in Figure 6, the DS89C430 incorporates two 8kB flash areas for on-chip program memory and 1kB of SRAM for on-chip data memory or a particular range (400-7FF) of "alternate" program memory space. The DS89C440 incorporates two 16kB flash memories and the DS89C450 incorporates two 32kB flash memories. The DS89C430 uses an address scheme that separates program memory from data memory such that the 16-bit address bus can address each memory area up to maximum of 64kB. 20 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Program Memory Access On-chip program memory begins at address 0000h and is contiguous through 3FFFh (16kB) on the DS89C430, through 7FFFh (32kB) on the DS89C440, and through FFFFh (64kB) on the DS89C450. Exceeding the maximum address of on-chip program memory causes the device to access off-chip memory. The maximum on-chip decoded address is selectable by software using the ROMSIZE feature. Software can cause the DS89C430 to behave like a device with less on-chip memory. This is beneficial when overlapping external memory is used. The maximum memory size is dynamically variable. Thus a portion of memory can be removed from the memory map to access off-chip memory and then be restored to access on-chip memory. In fact, all the on-chip memory can be removed from the memory map allowing the full 64kB memory space to be addressed from off-chip memory. Program memory addresses that are larger than the selected maximum are automatically fetched from outside the part through ports 0 and 2. Figure 6 shows a depiction of the memory map. The ROMSIZE register is used to select the maximum on-chip decoded address for program memory. Bits RMS2, RMS1, and RMS0 have the following effect: RMS2 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 RMS1 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 RMS0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 Maximum On-Chip Program Memory Address (Size/Address) 0kB 1kB/03FFh 2kB/07FFh 4kB/0FFFh 8kB/1FFFh 16kB/3FFFh (DS89C430 default) 32kB/7FFFh (DS89C440 default) 64kB/FFFFh (DS89C450 default) The reset default condition for all devices is to their maximum on-chip program memory size. When accessing external program memory, that amount of external memory would be inaccessible. To select a smaller effective program memory size, software must alter bits RMS2-RMS0. Altering these bits requires a timed-access procedure, as explained later. Care should be taken so that changing the ROMSIZE register does not corrupt program execution. For example, assume that a DS89C430 is executing instructions from internal program memory near the 12kB boundary (~3000h) and that the ROMSIZE register is currently configured for a 16kB internal program space. If software reconfigures the ROMSIZE register to 4kB (0000h-0FFFh) in the current state, the device immediately jumps to external program execution because program code from 4kB to 16kB (1000h-3FFFh) is no longer located on-chip. This could result in code misalignment and execution of an invalid instruction. The recommended method is to modify the ROMSIZE register from a location in memory that is internal (or external) both before and after the operation. In the above example, the instruction that modifies the ROMSIZE register should be located below the 4kB (1000h) boundary or above the 16kB (3FFFh) boundary so that it is unaffected by the memory modification. The same precaution should be applied if the internal program memory size is modified while executing from external program memory. For nonpage mode operations, off-chip memory is accessed using the multiplexed address/data bus on P0 and the MSB address on P2. While serving as a memory bus, these pins are not I/O ports. This convention follows the standard 8051 method of expanding on-chip memory. Off-chip program memory access also occurs if the EA pin is a logic 0. EA overrides all ROMSIZE bit settings. The PSEN signal goes active (low) to serve as a chip enable or output enable when ports 0 and 2 fetch from external program memory. The RD and WR signals are used to control the external data memory device. Data memory is accessed by MOVX instructions. The MOVX@Ri instruction uses the value in the designated working register to provide the LSB of the address, while port 2 supplies the address MSB. The MOVX@DPTR instruction uses one of the two data pointers to move data over the entire 64kB external data memory space. Software selects the data pointer used by writing to the SEL bit (DPS.0). The DS89C430 also provides a user option for high-speed external memory access by reconfiguring the external memory interface into page mode operation. Note: When using the original 8051 expanded bus structure, the throughput is reduced by 75% compared with that of internal operations. This is because of the CPU being stalled for three out of four clocks, waiting for the data 21 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers fetch that takes four clocks. Page mode 1 is the only external addressing mode where the CPU does not require stalls for external memory access, but page misses result in reduced external access performance. On-Chip Program Memory The processor can fetch the entire on-chip program memory range automatically. By default, the reset routines and all interrupt vectors are located in the lower 128 bytes of the on-chip program memory. On-chip program memory is logically divided into pairs of 8kB, 16kB, or 32kB flash memory banks to support inapplication programming. The on-chip program memory is designed to be programmed in-application with the standard 5V VCC supply under the control of the user software or by using a built-in program memory loader. It can also be programmed in standard flash or EPROM programmers. The DS89C430 incorporates a memory management unit (MMU) and other hardware to support any of the three programming methods. The MMU controls program and data memory access, and provides sequencing and timing controls for programming of the on-chip program memory. A separate security flash block supports a standard three-level lock, a 64-byte encryption array, and other flash options. Security Features The DS89C430 incorporates a 64-byte encryption array, allowing the user to verify program codes while viewing the data in encrypted form. The encryption array is implemented in a security flash memory block that has the same electrical and timing characteristics as the on-chip program memory. Once the encryption array is programmed to non-FFh, the data presented in the verify mode is encrypted. Each byte of data is XNORed with a byte in the encryption array during verification. A three-level lock restricts viewing of the internal program and data memory contents. By programming the three lock bits, the user can select a level of security as specified in Table 3. Once a security level is selected and programmed, the setting of the lock bits remains. Only a mass erase can erase these bits and allow reprogramming the security level to a less restricted protection. Table 3. Flash Memory Lock Bits LEVEL 1 2 3 4 LB1 1 0 X X LB2 1 1 0 X LB3 1 1 1 0 PROTECTION No program lock. Encrypted verify if encryption array is programmed. Prevent MOVC in external memory from reading program code in internal memory. EA is sampled and latched on reset. Allow no further parallel or program memory loader programming. Level 2 plus no verify operation. Also prevent MOVX in external memory from reading internal SRAM. Level 3 plus no external execution. The DS89C430 provides user-selectable options that must be set before beginning software execution. The option control register uses flash bits rather than SFRs, and is individually erasable and programmable as a byte-wide register. Bit 3 of this register is defined as the watchdog POR. Setting this bit to 1 disables the watchdog reset function on power-up. Clearing this bit to 0 enables the watchdog reset function automatically. Other bits of this register are undefined and are at logic 1 when read. The value of this register can be read at address FCh in parallel programming mode or executing a verify-option-control register instruction in ROM loader mode or inapplication programming mode. The signature bytes can be read in ROM loader mode or in parallel programming mode. Reading data from addresses 30h, 31h, and 60h provides signature information on manufacturer, part, and extension as follows: ADDRESS 30h 31h 31h 31h 60h VALUE DAh 43h 44h 45h 01h MEANING Manufacturer ID DS89C430 Device ID DS89C440 Device ID DS89C450 Device ID Device Extension 22 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Note: The read/write accessibility of the flash memory during in-application programming is not affected by the state of the lock bits. However, the lock bits do affect the read/write accessibility in ROM loader and parallel programming modes. In-Application Programming by User Software The DS89C430 supports in-application programming of on-chip flash memory by user software. In-application programming is initiated by writing a flash command into the flash control (FCNTL:D5h) register to enable the flash memory for erase/program/verify operations. Address and data are input into the MMU through the flash data (FDATA:D6h) register. The flash command also enables read/write accesses to the FDATA. The MMU's sequencer provides the operation sequences and control functions to the flash memory. The MMU is designed to operate independently from the processor, except for read/write access to the SFRs. Only the upper bank of the on-chip program memory can be in-application programmed by the user software. The lower bank of the on-chip program memory contains system hardware-dependent codes that are crucial to system operation and should not be altered during in-application programming. All flash operations are self-timed. The user software can monitor the progress of an erase or programming operation through the flash busy (FBUSY;FCNTL.7) bit with a reset value at logic 1. A selected operation automatically starts when required data is written to the FDATA SFR. The MMU clears the FBUSY bit to indicate the start of a write/erase operation. The FBUSY bit may not change state for up to 1ms after the operation is requested. During this time, the application should poll the status of the FBUSY bit waiting for it to change state. This bit is held low until either the end of the operation or until an error indicator is returned. A flash operating failure terminates the current operation and sets the flash error flag (FERR;FCNTL.6) to logic 1. Both the busy and error flags are read-only bits. Read/write access during in-application programming is not affected by the state of the lock bits. A sample programming sequence for a "write upper program memory bank" is shown below. The command must be reentered each time an operation is requested, i.e., it is not permissible to issue the "write upper program memory bank" command once and then repeatedly load address and data values to program a block of memory. 1. Make sure the FBUSY bit is 1 to indicate flash MMU is idle. 2. Write 0Bh to the FCNTL register using the timed access sequence. 3. Write address_MSB to the FDATA register. 4. Write address_LSB to the FDATA register. 5. Write data_value to the FDATA register. 6. Make sure the FBUSY bit is 0 to indicate programming has started. 7. Wait for FBUSY bit to return to 1 to indicate end of programming operation. 8. Make sure FERR is 0 to indicate no programming error. The flash command (FC3-FC0;FCNTL.3:0) bits provide flash commands as listed in Table 4. 23 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Table 4. In-Application Programming Commands FC3:FC0 0000 COMMAND Read Mode OPERATION Default state. All flash blocks are in read mode. Note: The upper bank of flash memory is inaccessible for execution unless the FC3:0 bits are in the read mode (0000b) state. Read data from the option control register. Data is available in the FDATA at the end of the following machine cycle. FDATA.3 is the logic value of the watchdog POR default setting. Read a byte of data from the security block. After the address byte is written to the FDATA, data is available in the FDATA at the end of the following machine cycle. (Lock bits are addressed at 40h and FDATA.5:3 are the logic value of LB1, LB2 and LB3, respectively.) Read a byte of data from upper flash memory bank (address range from 2000h to 3FFFh). The first and second byte writes to the FDATA are the upper and lower byte of the address. Data is available in the FDATA at the end of the following machine cycle after the second address byte is written. This command should not be modified by user programs. This command should not be modified by user programs. Write to the option control register as data is written to FDATA. Bit 3 of the data byte represents the watchdog POR default setting. Write a byte of data to the security block at a selected locations addressed by the first byte write to the FDATA. The second write to the FDATA is the data byte. (Lock bits are addressed at 40h and the FDATA 5:3 represents lock bits LB3, LB2, and LB1, respectively.) Write a byte of code to the upper flash memory bank (address range from 2000h to 3FFFh). The first and second byte writes to the FDATA are the upper byte and the lower byte of the address. The third write to the FDATA is the data byte. Erase the option control register. The contents of this register are returned to FFh. This operation disables the watchdog reset function on power-up. Erase the security flash block that contains the 64-byte encryption array and the lock bits. The content of every memory location is turned into FFh. Erase the upper bank of flash memory bank. The contents of every memory location are returned to FFh. This command is used to cause a system reset. 0001 Verify Option Control Register 0010 Verify Security Block 0011 Verify Upper Program Memory Bank 0100 1000 1001 Reserved for Future Use Reserved for Future Use Write Option Control Register 1010 Write Security Block 1011 Write Upper Program Memory Bank Erase Option Control Register 1100 1101 1110 1111 Erase Security Block Erase Upper Program Memory Bank System Reset The flash command bits are cleared to 0 on all forms of reset, and it is important for the user software to clear these bits to 0 to return the flash memory to read mode from erase/program operation. This setting is a "no operation" condition for the MMU, which allows the processor to return to its normal execution. Note that the busy and error flags have no function in normal flash-read mode. The FCNTL SFR can only be written using timed access. This procedure provides protection against inadvertent erase/program operation on the flash memory. Any command written to the FCNTL during a flash operation is ignored (FBUSY = 0). To ensure data integrity, an erase command sequence should be reinitiated if an erase or program operation is interrupted by a reset. 24 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers ROM Loader The full on-chip flash program memory space, security flash block, and external SRAM can be programmed insystem from an external source through serial port 0 under the control of a built-in ROM loader. The ROM loader also has an auto-baud feature that determines which baud-rate frequencies are being used for communication and sets the baud-rate generator for that speed. When the DS89C430 is powered up and has entered its user operating mode, the ROM loader mode can be invoked at any time by forcing RST = 1, EA = 0, and PSEN = 0. It remains in effect until power-down or when the condition (RST = 1 and PSEN = EA = 0) is removed. Entering the ROM loader mode forces the processor to start fetching from the 2kB internal ROM for program memory initialization and other loader functions. The read/write accessibility is determined by the state of the lock bits, which can be verified directly by the ROM loader. The flash memory can be programmed (by the built-in ROM loader) using commands that are received over the serial interface from a host PC. Full details of the ROM loader commands are given in the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide. Host software to communicate with the ROM loader is available in Windows(R) format as well as other platforms. Contact our technical support department at micro.support@dalsemi.com for more information. Parallel Programming Mode The microcontroller also supports a programming mode such as that used by commercial device programmers. This mode is of little utility in normal applications and is only used by commercial device programmers. For information on this mode, contact our technical support department at micro.support@dalsemi.com. Data Pointer Increment/Decrement and Options The DS89C430 incorporates a hardware feature to assist applications that require data pointer increment/ decrement. Data pointer increment/decrement bits ID0 and ID1 (DPS.6 and DPS.7) define how the INC DPTR instruction functions in relation to the active DPTR (selected by the SEL bit). Setting ID0 = 1 and SEL = 0 enables the decrement operation for DPTR, and execution of the INC DPTR instruction decrements the DPTR contents by 1. Similarly, setting ID1 = 1 and SEL = 1 enables the decrement operation for DPTR1, and execution of the INC DPTR instruction decrements the DPTR1 contents by 1. With this feature, the user can configure the data pointers to operate in four ways for the INC DPTR instruction: ID1 0 0 1 1 ID0 0 1 0 1 SEL = 0 INC DPTR DEC DPTR INC DPTR DEC DPTR SEL = 1 INC DPTR1 INC DPTR1 DEC DPTR1 DEC DPTR1 SEL (DPS.0) bit always selects the active data pointer. The DS89C430 offers a programmable option that allows any instructions related to data pointer to toggle the SEL bit automatically. This option is enabled by setting the toggle-select-enable bit (TSL-DPS.5) to a logic 1. Once enabled, the SEL bit is automatically toggled after the execution of one of the following five DPTR-related instructions: INC DPTR MOV DPTR #data16 MOVC A, @A+DPTR MOVX A, @DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A The DS89C430 also offers a programmable option that automatically increases (or decreases) the contents of the selected data pointer by 1 after the execution of a DPTR-related instruction. The actual function (increment or decrement) is dependent on the setting of the ID1 and ID0 bits. This option is enabled by setting the automatic increment/decrement enable (AID-DPS.4) to a logic 1 and is affected by the following three instructions: MOVC A, @A+DPTR MOVX A, @DPTR MOVX @DPTR, A Windows is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. 25 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers External Memory The DS89C430 executes external memory cycles for code fetches and read/writes of external program and data memory. A nonpage external memory cycle is four times slower than the internal memory cycles (i.e., an external memory cycle contains four system clocks). However, a page mode external memory cycle can be completed in one, two, or four system clocks for a page hit and two, four, or eight system clocks for a page miss, depending on user selection. The DS89C430 also supports a second page mode operation with a different external bus structure that provides for fast external code fetches but uses four system clock cycles for data memory access. External Program Memory Interface (Nonpage Mode) Figure 7 shows the timing relationship for internal and external code fetches when CD1 and CD0 are set to 10b, assuming the microcontroller is in nonpage mode for external fetches. Note that an external program fetch takes four system clocks, and an internal program fetch requires only one system clock. As illustrated in Figure 7, ALE is deasserted when executing an internal memory fetch. The DS89C430 provides a programmable user option to turn on ALE during internal program memory operation. ALE is automatically enabled for code fetch externally, independent of the setting of this option. PSEN is only asserted for external code fetches, and is inactive during internal execution. Figure 7. External Program Memory Access (Nonpage Mode, CD1:CD0 = 10) Internal Memory Cycles XTAL1 ALE External Memory Cycle C1 C2 C3 C4 External Memory Cycle C1 C2 C3 C4 PSEN LSB Add Port 0 Data LSB Add Data Port 2 MSB Add MSB Add 26 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers External Data Memory Interface in Nonpage Mode Operation Just like the program memory cycle, the external data memory cycle is four times slower than the internal data memory cycle in nonpage mode. A basic internal memory cycle contains one system clock and a basic external memory cycle contains four system clocks for nonpage mode operation. The DS89C430 allows software to adjust the speed of external data memory access by stretching the memory bus cycle. CKCON (8Eh) provides an application-selectable stretch value for this purpose. Software can change the stretch value dynamically by changing the setting of CKCON.2-CKCON.0. Table 5 shows the data memory cycle stretch values and their effect on the external MOVX memory bus cycle and the control signal pulse width in terms of the number of oscillator clocks. A stretch machine cycle always contains four system clocks. Table 5. Data Memory Cycle Stretch Values MD2:MD0 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 STRETCH CYCLES 0 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 RD/WR PULSE WIDTH (IN NUMBER OF OSCILLATOR CLOCKS) 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 100 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 000 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = X10 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = X11 2048 4096 8192 12,288 16,384 20,480 24,576 28,672 As Table 5 shows, the stretch feature supports eight stretched external data memory access cycles, which can be categorized into three timing groups. When the stretch value is cleared to 000b, there is no stretch on external data memory access and a MOVX instruction is completed in two basic memory cycles. When the stretch value is set to 1, 2, or 3, the external data memory access is extended by 1, 2, or 3 stretch machine cycles, respectively. Note that the first stretch value does not result in adding four system clocks to the RD/WR control signals. This is because the first stretch uses one system clock to create additional setup time and one system clock to create additional address hold time. When using very slow RAM and peripherals, a larger stretch value (4-7) can be selected. In this stretch category, one stretch machine cycle (4 system clocks) is used to stretch the ALE pulse width, one stretch machine cycle is used to create additional setup, one stretch machine cycle is used to create additional hold time, and one stretch machine cycle is added to the RD or WR strobes. The following diagrams illustrate the timing relationship for external data memory access in full speed (stretch value = 0), in the default stretch setting (stretch value = 1), and slow data memory accessing (stretch value = 4), when the system clock is in divide-by-1 mode (CD1:CD0 = 10b). 27 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Figure 8. Nonpage Mode, External Data Memory Access (Stretch = 0, CD1:CD2 = 10) MOVX Instruction 1st Machine Cycle 2nd Machine Cycle XTAL1 ALE PSEN RD/WR Port 0 Port 2 A MOVX A INST A DATA A A MOVX Instruction Fetch Memory Access Stretch = 0 Figure 9. Nonpage Mode, External Data Memory Access (Stretch = 1, CD1:CD2 = 10) MOVX Instruction 1st Machine Cycle 2nd Machine Cycle 3rd Machine Cycle XTAL1 ALE PSEN RD/WR Port 0 Port 2 A MOVX A INST A DATA A A MOVX Instruction Fetch Memory Access Stretch = 1 28 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Page Mode, External Memory Cycle Page mode retains the basic circuitry requirement for an original 8051 external memory interface, but alters the configuration of P0 and P2 for the purposes of address output and data I/O during external memory cycles. Additionally, the functions of ALE and PSEN are altered to support this mode of operation. Setting the PAGEE (ACON.7) bit to logic 1 enables page mode. Clearing the PAGEE bit to logic 0 disables the page mode and the external bus structure defaults to the original 8051 expanded bus configuration (nonpage mode). The DS89C430 supports page mode in two external bus structures. The logic value of the page-modeselect bits in the ACON register determines the external bus structure and the basic memory cycle in number of system clocks. Table 6 summarizes this option. The first three selections use the same bus structure but with different memory cycle time. Setting the select bits to 11b selects another bus structure. Write access to the ACON register requires a timed access. Table 6. Page Mode Select PAGES1:PAGES0 CLOCKS PER MEMORY CYCLE PAGE-HIT 1 2 4 PAGE-MISS 2 4 8 EXTERNAL BUS STRUCTURE P0: Primary data bus. P2: Primary address bus, multiplexing both the upper byte and lower byte of address. P0: Primary data bus. P2: Primary address bus, multiplexing both the upper byte and lower byte of address. P0: Primary data bus. P2: Primary address bus, multiplexing both the upper byte and lower byte of address. P0: Lower address byte. P2: The upper address byte is multiplexed with the data byte. Note: This setting affects external code fetches only; accessing the external data memory requires four clock cycles, regardless of page hit or miss. 00 01 10 11 2 4 The first page mode's (page mode 1) external bus structure uses P2 as the primary address bus, (multiplexing both the most significant byte and least significant byte of the address for each external memory cycle) and P0 is used as the primary data bus. During external code fetches, P0 is held in a high-impedance state by the processor. Op codes are driven by the external memory onto P0 and latched at the end of the external fetch cycle at the rising edge of PSEN. During external data read/write operations, P0 functions as the data I/O bus. It is held in a highimpedance state for external reads from data memory and driven with data during external writes to data memory. A page miss occurs when the most significant byte of the subsequent address is different from the last address. The external memory machine cycle can be 2, 4, or 8 system clocks in length for a page miss. A page hit occurs when the most significant byte of the subsequent address does not change from the last address. The external memory machine cycle can be 1, 2, or 4 system clocks in length for a page hit. During a page hit, P2 drives Addr [0-7] of the 16-bit address, while the most significant address byte is held in the external address latches. PSEN, RD, and WR strobes accordingly for the appropriate operation on the P0 data bus. There is no ALE assertion for page hits. 29 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Figure 10. Page Mode 1, External Memory Cycle (CD1:CD0 = 10) Internal Memory Cycles External Memory Cycles XTAL1 ALE PSEN RD/WR PAGES=00 Port 0 Port 2 Inst Inst MOVX MOVX Data Inst Data MSB LSB LSB LSB Page Hit LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB LSB MSB Page Miss Data Access MOVX executed Page Miss Data Access MOVX executed ALE PSEN RD/WR Port 0 Port 2 MSBAdd Page Miss MOVX PAGES=01 Inst LSB Add Page Hit MSBAdd Data LSB Add LSB Add MSBAdd Page Miss next instruction Data Access MOVX executed ALE PSEN RD/WR Port 0 Port 2 MSBAdd Page Miss PAGES=10 Inst LSB Add Data LSB Add Data Access During a page miss, P2 drives the Addr [8:15] of the 16-bit address and holds it for the duration of the first half of the memory cycle to allow the external address latches to latch the new most significant address byte. ALE is asserted to strobe the external address latches. During this operation, PSEN, RD, and WR are held in inactive states and P0 is in a high-impedance state. The following half-memory cycle is executed as a page hit cycle and the appropriate operation takes place. A page miss can occur at set intervals or during external operations that require a memory access into a page of memory that has not been accessed during the last external cycle. Generally, the first external memory access causes a page miss. The new page address is stored internally and is used to detect a page miss for the current external memory cycle. 30 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Note that there are a few exceptions for this mode of operation when PAGES1 and PAGES2 are set to 00b: * * * PSEN is asserted for both a page hit and a page miss for a full clock cycle. The execution of external MOVX instruction causes a page miss. A page miss occurs when fetching the next external instruction following the execution of an external MOVX instruction. Figure 10 shows the external memory cycle for this bus structure. The first case illustrates a back-to-back execution sequence for the one-cycle page mode (PAGES1 = PAGES0 = 0b). PSEN remains active during page hit cycles, and page misses are forced during and after MOVX executions, independent of the most significant byte of the subsequent addresses. The second case illustrates a MOVX execution sequence for two-cycle page mode (PAGES1 = 0 and PAGES0 = 1). PSEN is active for a full clock cycle in code fetches. Note that changing the most significant byte of the data address causes the page misses in this sequence. The third case illustrates a MOVX execution sequence for four-cycle page mode (PAGES1 = 1 and PAGES0 = 0). There is no page miss in this execution cycle as the most significant byte of the data address is assumed to match the last program address. The second page mode (page mode 2) external bus structure multiplexes the most significant address byte with data on P2 and uses P0 for the least significant address byte. This bus structure is used to speed up external code fetches only. External data memory access cycles are identical to the nonpage mode except for the different signals on P0 and P2. Figure 11 illustrates the memory cycle for external code fetches. Figure 11. Page Mode 2, External Code Fetch Cycle (CD1:CD0 = 10) Internal Memory Cycles C1 XTAL1 ALE PSEN Port 0 Port 2 LSB Add LSB Add LSB Add Ext Code Fetches Page Miss Page Hit Page Hit C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C1 C2 MSB Add Data Data Data Stretch External Data Memory Cycle in Page Mode The DS89C430 allows software to adjust the speed of external data memory access by stretching the memory bus cycle in page mode operation just like nonpage mode operation. The following tables summarize the stretch values and their effect on the external MOVX memory bus cycle and the control signals' pulse width in terms of the number of oscillator clocks. A stretch machine cycle always contains four system clocks, independent of the logic value of the page mode select bits. 31 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Table 7. Page Mode 1, Data Memory Cycle Stretch Values (PAGES1:PAGES0 = 00) MD2:MD0 STRETCH CYCLES 0 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 RD/WR PULSE WIDTH (IN NUMBER OF OSCILLATOR CLOCKS) 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 100 0.25 0.75 1.75 2.75 3.75 4.75 5.75 6.75 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 000 0.5 1.5 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = X10 1 3 7 11 15 19 23 27 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = X11 1024 3072 7168 11,264 15,360 19,456 23,552 27,648 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 Table 8. Page Mode 1, Data Memory Cycle Stretch Values (PAGES1:PAGES0 = 01) MD2:MD0 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 STRETCH CYCLES 0 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 RD/WR PULSE WIDTH (IN NUMBER OF OSCILLATOR CLOCKS) 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 100 0.25 0.75 1.75 2.75 3.75 4.75 5.75 6.75 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 000 0.5 1.5 3.5 5.5 7.5 9.5 11.5 13.5 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = X10 1 3 7 11 15 19 23 27 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = X11 1024 3072 7168 11,264 15,360 19,456 23,552 27,648 Table 9. Page Mode 1, Data Memory Cycle Stretch Values (PAGES1:PAGES0 = 10) MD2:MD0 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 STRETCH CYCLES 0 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 RD/WR PULSE WIDTH (IN NUMBER OF OSCILLATOR CLOCKS) 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 100 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 000 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = X10 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = X11 2048 4096 8192 12,288 16,384 20,480 24,576 28,672 32 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Table 10. Page Mode 2, Data Memory Cycle Stretch Values (PAGES1:PAGES0 = 11) MD2:MD0 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111 STRETCH CYCLES 0 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 RD/WR PULSE WIDTH (IN NUMBER OF OSCILLATOR CLOCKS) 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 100 0.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = 000 1 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = X10 2 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 = X11 2048 4096 8192 12,288 16,384 20,480 24,576 28,672 As shown in the previous tables, the stretch feature supports eight stretched external data-memory access options, which can be categorized into three timing groups. When the stretch value is cleared to 000b, there is no stretch on external data memory access, and a MOVX instruction is completed in two basic memory cycles. When the stretch value is set to 1, 2, or 3, the external data memory access is extended by 1, 2, or 3 stretch memory cycles, respectively. Note that the first stretch value does not result in adding four system clocks to the control signals. This is because the first stretch uses one system clock to create additional address setup and data bus float time and one system clock to create additional address and data hold time. When using very slow RAM and peripherals, a larger stretch value (4-7) can be selected. In this stretch category, two stretch cycles are used to create additional setup (the ALE pulse width is also stretched by one stretch cycle for page miss) and one stretch cycle is used to create additional hold time. The following timing diagrams illustrate the external data memory access at divide-by-1 system clock mode (CD1:CD0 = 10b). Figure 12 illustrates the external data-memory stretch-cycle timing relationship when PAGEE = 1 and PAGES1:PAGES0 = 01. The stretch cycle shown is for a stretch value of 1 and is coincident with a page miss. Note that the first stretch value does not result in adding four system clocks to the RD/WR control signals. This is because the first stretch uses one system clock to create additional setup and one system clock to create additional hold time. Figure 13 shows the timing relationship for a slow peripheral interface (stretch value = 4). Note that a page hit data memory cycle is shorter than a page miss data memory cycle. The ALE pulse width is also stretched by a stretch cycle in the case of a page miss. The stretched data memory bus cycle timing relationship for PAGES = 11 is identical to nonpage mode operation since the basic data memory cycle always contains four system clocks in this page mode operation. 33 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Figure 12. Page Mode 1, External Data Memory Access (PAGES = 01, STRETCH = 1, CD = 10) XTAL1 MOVX Instruction ALE PSEN RD/WR Port 0 Port 2 Inst Inst MOVX Inst Data Inst Inst LSB Addr LSB Addr MSB Addr LSB Addr LSB Addr LSB Addr Memory Access (Stretch =1) LSB Addr LSB Addr MOVX Instruction ALE PSEN RD/WR Port 0 Port 2 Inst MOVX Inst Data Inst Inst Inst LSB Addr LSB Addr MOVX Inst Fetch MSB Addr LSB Addr LSB Addr Memory Access (Stretch =1) LSB Addr LSB Addr LSB Addr MOVX Instruction ALE PSEN RD/WR Port 0 Port 2 Inst MOVX Inst Data Inst Inst Inst LSB Addr LSB Addr MOVX Inst Fetch LSB Addr MSB Addr LSB Addr LSB Addr LSB Addr LSB Addr Memory Access (Stretch =1) 34 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Figure 13. Page Mode 1, External Data Memory Access (PAGES = 01, Stretch = 4, CD = 10) MOVX Instruction (Page miss) 1st Cycle 2nd Cycle 3rd Cycle 4th Cycle 9th Cycle XTAL1 ALE PSEN RD/WR Port 0 Port 2 Inst Inst Inst Inst Data Inst Inst LSB LSB LSB LSB MOVX Instruction Fetch MSB Memory Access (Stretch = 4) LSB LSB LSB MOVX Instruction (Page hit) 1st Cycle 2nd Cycle 3rd Cycle 4th Cycle 5th Cycle 9th Cycle ALE PSEN RD/WR Port 0 Port 2 Inst Inst Inst Inst Data Inst Inst Inst LSB LSB LSB LSB MOVX Instruction Fetch Memory Access (Stretch = 4) LSB LSB LSB LSB Interrupts The DS89C430 provides 13 interrupt sources. All interrupts, with the exception of the power fail, are controlled by a series combination of individual enable bits and a global enable (EA) in the interrupt-enable register (IE.7). Setting EA to a logic 1 allows individual interrupts to be enabled. Setting EA to a logic 0 disables all interrupts regardless of the individual interrupt-enable settings. The power-fail interrupt is controlled by its individual enable only. The interrupt enables and priorities are functionally identical to those of the 80C52, except that the DS89C430 supports five levels of interrupt priorities instead of the original two. 35 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Interrupt Priority There are five levels of interrupt priority: Level 4 to 0. The highest interrupt priority is level 4, which is reserved for the power-fail interrupt. All other interrupts have individual priority bits in the interrupt priority registers to allow each interrupt to be assigned a priority level from 3 to 0. The power-fail interrupt always has the highest priority if it is enabled. All interrupts also have a natural hierarchy. In this manner, when a set of interrupts has been assigned the same priority, a second hierarchy determines which interrupt is allowed to take precedence. The natural hierarchy is determined by analyzing potential interrupts in a sequential manner with the order listed in Table 11. The processor indicates that an interrupt condition occurred by setting the respective flag bit. This bit is set regardless of whether the interrupt is enabled or disabled. Unless marked in Table 11, all these flags must be cleared by software. Table 11. Interrupt Summary INTERRUPT Power Fail External Interrupt 0 Timer 0 Overflow External Interrupt 1 Timer 1 Overflow Serial Port 0 Timer 2 Overflow Serial Port 1 External Interrupt 2 External Interrupt 3 External Interrupt 4 External Interrupt 5 Watchdog VECTOR 33h 03h 0Bh 13h 1Bh 23h 2Bh 3Bh 43h 4Bh 53h 5Bh 63h NATURAL ORDER 0 (Highest) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 (Lowest) FLAG PFI (WDCON.4) IE0 (TCON.1) (Note 1) TF0 (TCON.5) (Note 2) IE1 (TCON.3) (Note 1) TF1 (TCON.7) (Note 2) RI_0 (SCON0.0); TI_0 (SCON0.1) TF2 (T2CON.7); EXF2 (T2CON.6) RI_1 (SCON1.0); TI_1 (SCON1.1) IE2 (EXIF.4) IE3 (EXIF.5) IE4 (EXIF.6) IE5 (EXIF.7) WDIF (WDCON.3) ENABLE EPFI(WDCON.5) EX0 (IE.0) ET0 (IE.1) EX1 (IE.2) ET1 (IE.3) ES0 (IE.4) ET2 (IE.5) ES1 (IE.6) EX2 (EIE.0) EX3 (EIE.1) EX4 (EIE.2) EX5 (EIE.3) EWDI (EIE.4) PRIORITY CONTROL N/A LPX0 (IP0.0); MPX0 (IP1.0) LPT0 (IP0.1); MPT0 (IP1.1) LPX1 (IP0.2); MPX1 (IP1.2) LPT1 (IP0.3); MPT1 (IP1.3) LPS0 (IP0.4); MPS0 (IP1.4) LPT2 (IP0.5); MPT2 (IP1.5) LPS1 (IP0.6); MPS1 (IP1.6) LPX2 (EIP0.0); MPX2 (EIP1.0) LPX3 (EIP0.1); MPX3 (EIP1.1) LPX4 (EIP0.2); MPX4 (EIP1.2) LPX5 (EIP0.3); MPX5 (EIP1.3) LPWDI (EIP0.4); MPWDI (EIP1.4) Note 1: If the interrupt is edge triggered, the flag is cleared automatically by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. If the interrupt is level triggered, the flag follows the state of the pin. Note 2: The flag is cleared automatically by hardware when the service routine is vectored to. 36 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Timer/Counters The DS89C430 incorporates three 16-bit timers. All three timers can be used as either counters of external events, where 1-to-0 transitions on a port pin are monitored and counted, or timers that count oscillator cycles. Table 12 summarizes the timer functions. Timers 0 and 1 both have three modes of operations. They can each be used as a 13-bit timer/counter, a 16-bit timer/counter, or an 8-bit timer/counter with autoreload. Timer 0 has a fourth operating mode as two 8-bit timer/counters without autoreload. Each timer can also be used as a counter of external pulses on the corresponding T0/T1 pin for 1-to-0 transitions. The timer mode (TMOD) register controls the mode of operation. Each timer consists of a 16-bit register in 2 bytes, which can be found in the SFR map as TL0, TH0, TL1, and TH1. The timer control (TCON) register enables timers 0 and 1. Table 12. Timer Functions FUNCTIONS Timer/Counter Timer with Capture External Control Pulse Counter Up/Down Autoreload Timer/Counter Baud Rate Generator Timer Output Clock Generator TIMER 0 13/16/8*/2x8 bit No Yes No No No TIMER 1 13/16/8* bit No Yes No Yes No TIMER 2 16 bit Yes No Yes Yes Yes *8-bit timer/counter includes autoreload feature. 2x8-bit mode does not. Each timer has a selectable time base (Table 14). Following a reset, the timers default to divide by 12 to maintain drop-in compatibility with the 8051. If timer 2 is used as a baud rate generator or clock output, its time base is fixed at divide by 2, regardless of the setting of its timer mode bits. Timer 2 is a true 16-bit timer/counter that, with a 16-bit capture (RCAP2L and RCAP2H) register, is able to provide some unique functions like up/down autoreload timer/counter and timer output-clock generation. Timer 2 (registers TL2 and TH2) is enabled by the T2CON register. Its mode of operation is selected by the T2MOD register. For operation details, refer to Section 11: Programmable Timers in the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide. Timed Access The timed-access function prevents an errant CPU from making accidental changes to certain SFR bits that are considered vital to proper system operation. This is achieved by using software control when accessing the following SFR control bits: SFR WDCON.0 WDCON.1 WDCON.3 WDCON.6 EXIF.0 ACON.5 ACON.6 ACON.7 ROMSIZE.0 ROMSIZE.1 ROMSIZE.2 ROMSIZE.3 FCNTL.0 FCNTL.1 FCNTL.2 FCNTL.3 BIT RWT EWT WDIF POR BGS PAGES0 PAGES1 PAGEE RMS0 RMS1 RMS2 PRAME FC0 FC1 FC2 FC3 FUNCTION Reset Watchdog Timer Watchdog Reset Enable Watchdog Interrupt Flag Power-On Reset Flag Bandgap Select Page Mode Select Bit 0 Page Mode Select Bit 1 Page Mode Enable Program Memory Size Select Bit 0 Program Memory Size Select Bit 1 Program Memory Size Select Bit 2 Program RAM Enable Flash Command Bit 0 Flash Command Bit 1 Flash Command Bit 2 Flash Command Bit 3 Before these bits can be altered, the processor must execute the timed-access sequence. This sequence consists of writing an AAh to the timed access (TA, C7h) register, followed by writing a 55h to the same register within three machine cycles. This timed sequence of steps allows any of the timed access-protected SFR bits to be altered 37 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers during the three machine cycles following the writing of the 55h. Writing to a timed-access-protected bit outside of these three machine cycles has no effect on the bit. The timed-access process is address, data, and time dependent. A processor running out of control and not executing system software statistically is not able to perform this timed sequence of steps, and as such, does not accidentally alter the protected bits. It should be noted that this method should be used in the main body of the system software and never used in an interrupt routine in conjunction with the watchdog reset. Interrupt routines using the timed-access watchdog-reset bit (RWT) can recover a lost system and allow the resetting of the watchdog, but the system returns to a lost condition once the RETI is executed, unless the stack is modified. Also, it is advisable that interrupts be disabled (EA = 0) when executing the timed-access sequence, since an interrupt during the sequence adds time, making the timed-access attempt fail. Power Management and Clock-Divide Control Power-management features are available that monitor the power-supply voltage levels and support low-power operation with three power-saving modes. Such features include a bandgap voltage monitor, watchdog timer, selectable internal ring oscillator, and programmable system clock speed. The SFRs that provide control and application software access are the watchdog control (WDCON, D8h), extended interrupt enable (EIE, E8h), extended interrupt flag (EXIF, 91h) and power control (PCON, 87h) registers. System Clock-Divide Control The programmable clock-divide control bits (CD1 and CD0) provide the processor with the ability to adapt to different crystals and to slow the system clocks, providing lower power operation when required. An on-chip crystal multiplier allows the DS89C430 to operate at two or four times the crystal frequency by setting the 4X/2X bit, and is enabled by setting the CTM bit to a logic 1. An additional circuit provides a clock source at divide by 1024. When used with a 7.372MHz crystal, for example, the processor executes the machine cycle in times ranging from 33.9ns (mulitply-by-4 mode) to 138.9ms (divide-by-1024 mode) and maintains a highly accurate serial port baud rate, while allowing the use of more cost-effective lower frequency crystals. Although the clock-divide control bits can be written at any time, certain hardware features enhance the use of these clock controls to guarantee proper serial port operation and to allow for a high-speed response to an external interrupt. The 01b setting of CD1 and CD0 is reserved. It has the same effect as the setting of 10b, which forces the system clock into a divide-by-1 mode. The DS89C430 defaults to divide-by-1 clock mode on all forms of reset. When in divide-by-1024 mode, in order to allow a quick response to incoming data on a serial port, the system uses the switchback mode to automatically revert to divide-by-1 mode whenever a start bit is detected. This automatic switchback is only enabled in divide-by-1024 mode when the switchback bit (PMR.5:SWB) is set. All other clock modes are unaffected by interrupts and serial port activity. The oscillator multiply ratios of 4, 2, and 1 are also used to provide standard baud-rate generation for the serial ports through a forced divide-by-12 input clock (TxMH,TxM = 00b, x = 1, 2, or 3) to the timers. Use of the multiply-by-4 or multiply-by-2 options through the clock-divide control bits requires that the crystal multiplier be enabled and the specific system-clock-multiply value be established by the 4X/2X bit in the PMR register. The multiplier is enabled through the CTM (PMR.4) bit but cannot be automatically selected until a startup delay has been established through the CKRY bit in the status register. The 4X/2X bit can only be altered when the CTM bit is cleared to a logic 0. This prevents the system from changing the multiplier until the system has moved back to the divide-by-1 mode and the multiplier has been disabled by the CTM bit. The CTM bit can only be altered when the CD1 and CD0 bits are set to divide-by-1 mode and the RGMD bit is cleared to 0. Setting the CTM to a logic 1 from a previous logic 0 automatically clears the CKRY bit in the status register and starts the multiplier startup timeout in the multiplier startup counter. During the multiplier startup period, the CKRY bit remains cleared and the CD1 and CD0 clock controls cannot be set to 00b. The CTM bit is cleared to a logic 0 on all resets. Note that the rated maximum speed of operation applies to the speed of the microcontroller core, not the external clock source. When using the clock multiplier feature, the external clock source frequency, multiplied by the clock multiplier (2X or 4X) can never be faster than the maximum rated speed of the device. Thus, if a designer wished to use the 4X clock multiplier on a device rated at 33MHz, the maximum external clock speed would be 8.25MHz. Figure 14 gives a simplified description of the generation of the system clocks. Specifics of hardware restrictions associated with the use of the 4X/2X CTM, CKRY, CD1, and CD0 bits are outlined in the SFR section. 38 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Figure 14. System Clock Sources 4X/2X CTM CRYSTAL OSCILLATOR CLOCK MULTIPLIER MUX DIVIDE 1024 SYSTEM CLOCK RING OSCILLATOR RING ENABLE CD0 CD1 SELECTOR Bandgap-Monitored Interrupt and Reset Generation The power monitor in the DS89C430 monitors the VCC pin in relation to the on-chip bandgap voltage reference. Whenever VCC falls below VPFW , an interrupt is generated if the corresponding power-fail interrupt-enable bit EPFI (WDCON.5) is set, causing the device to vector to address 33h. The power-fail interrupt status bit PFI (WDCON.4) is set any time VCC transitions below VPFW , and can only be cleared by software once set. Similarly, as VCC falls below VRST, a reset is issued internally to halt program execution. Following power-up, a power-on reset initiates a power-on reset timeout before starting program execution. When VCC is first applied to the DS89C430, the processor is held in reset until VCC > VRST and a delay of 65,536 oscillator cycles has elapsed, to ensure that power is within tolerance and the clock source has had time to stabilize. Once the reset timeout period has elapsed, the reset condition is removed automatically and software execution begins at the reset vector location of 0000h. The power-on reset flag POR (WDCON.6) is set to logic 1 to indicate a power-on reset has occurred, and can only be cleared by software. When the DS89C430 enters stop mode, the bandgap, reset comparator, and power-fail interrupt comparator are automatically disabled to conserve power if the BGS (EXIF.0) bit is set to logic 0. This is the lowest power mode. If BGS is set to logic 1, the bandgap reference, reset comparator, and the power-fail comparator are powered up, although in a mode that reduces their power consumption. 39 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Watchdog Timer The watchdog timer functions as the source of both the watchdog interrupt and the watchdog reset. When the clock 17 divider is set to 10b, the interrupt timeout has a default divide ratio of 2 of the crystal oscillator clock, with the watchdog reset set to time out 512 system clock cycles later. This results in a 33MHz crystal oscillator producing an interrupt timeout every 3.9718ms, followed 15.5s later by a watchdog reset. The watchdog timer is reset to the default divide ratio following any reset. Using the WD0 and WD1 bits in the clock control (CKCON.6 and 7) register, other divide ratios can be selected for longer watchdog interrupt periods. Table 13 summarizes the watchdog bits settings and the timeout values. Note: All watchdog timer reset timeouts follow the programmed interrupt timeouts by 512 system clock cycles, which equates to varying numbers of oscillator cycles depending on the clock divide (CD1:0) and crystal multiplier settings. Table 13. Watchdog Timeout Value (In Number of Oscillator Clocks) 4X/2X 1 0 x x x CD1:0 00 00 01 10 11 WATCHDOG INTERRUPT TIMEOUT WD1:0 = 00 WD1:0 = 01 WD1:0 = 10 WD1:0 = 11 2 15 WATCHDOG RESET TIMEOUT WD1:0 = 00 2 + 128 216 + 256 217 + 512 217 + 512 227 + 524,288 15 WD1:0 = 01 2 + 128 219 + 256 220 + 512 220 + 512 230 + 524,288 18 WD1:0 = 10 2 + 128 222 + 256 223 + 512 223 + 512 233 + 524,288 21 WD1:0 = 11 224 + 128 225 + 256 226 + 512 226 + 512 236 + 524,288 2 18 2 21 2 24 216 217 217 227 219 220 220 230 222 223 223 233 225 226 226 236 A watchdog control (WDCON) SFR is used for programming the functions. EWT (WDCON.1) is the enable for the watchdog timer-reset function and RWT (WDCON.0) is the bit used to restart the watchdog timer. Setting the RWT bit restarts the timer for another full interval. If the watchdog timer-reset function is masked by the EWT bit and no resets are issued to the timer through the RWT bit, the watchdog timer generates interrupt timeouts at a rate determined by the programmed divide ratio. WDIF (WDCON.3) is the interrupt flag set at timer termination and WTRF (WDCON.2) is the reset flag set following a watchdog reset timeout. Setting the EWDI bit (EIE.4) enables the watchdog interrupt. The watchdog timer reset and interrupt timeouts are measured by counting system clock cycles. An independent watchdog timer functions as the crystal startup counter to count 65,536 crystal clock cycles before allowing the crystal oscillator to function as the system clock. This warmup time is verified by the watchdog timer following each power-up as well as each time the crystal is restarted following a stop mode. The watchdog is also used to establish a startup time whenever the CTM in the PMR register is set to enable the crystal multiplier (4X/2X). One of the watchdog timer applications is for the watchdog to wake up the system from idle mode. The watchdog interrupt can be programmed to allow a system to wake up periodically to sample the external world. Internal System Reset A software reset can be initiated by writing a system reset command to the flash control SFR. The reset state is maintained for approximately 90 external clock cycles. During this time, the RST pin is driven to a logic high. Once the reset is removed, the RST pin is driven low, and operation begins from address 0000h. 40 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers External/Hardware Reset A hardware reset can be initiated by asserting the RST pin high for at least three external clock cycles while the external clock is running. The reset is asserted immediately. When the RST pin is taken to a logic low, the microcontroller exits the reset state within a delay that depends on the state of the flash memory at the time the reset was asserted. If a flash write or erase operation was in progress, the reset state is a 4ms maximum. If no flash write or erase operations were in progress, there is a delay of 90 external clock cycles. Operation resumes at address 0000h. If taking RST to a logic low causes the device to exit stop mode, an additional delay of 65,536 clock cycles is experienced before operation begins. Reset Output If a reset is caused by a power-fail reset, a watchdog timer reset, or an internal system reset, a logic high outputreset pulse is also generated at the bidirectional RST pin. This reset pulse is asserted as long as an internal reset is asserted. Although the microcontroller generates its own power-on delay for crystal warmup, legacy designs may employ an external RC circuit. Large values of "C" may load the pin enough that the RST output may not achieve a logic high, but the state of the external RST pin does not affect the internal reset condition. Oscillator-Fail Detect and Reset The DS89C430 incorporates an oscillator-fail-detect circuit that, when enabled, causes a reset if the crystal oscillator frequency falls below 20kHz and holds the chip in reset with the ring oscillator operating. Setting the OFDE (PCON.4) bit to logic 1 enables the circuit. The OFDE bit is only cleared from logic 1 to logic 0 by a powerfail reset or by software. A reset caused by an oscillator failure also sets the OFDF (PCON.5) to logic 1. This flag is cleared by software or power-on reset. This circuit does not force a reset when the oscillator is stopped by the software-enabled stop mode. Power-Management Mode The power-management mode offers a software-controllable power-saving scheme by providing a reduced instruction cycle speed, which allows the microcontroller to continue operating while using an internally divided version of the clock source to save power. Power-management mode is invoked by software setting the clockdivide control bits CD1 and CD0 (PMR.7-6) bits to 11b, which sets an operating rate of 1024 oscillator cycles for one machine cycle. On all forms of reset, the clock-divide control bits default to 10b, which selects one oscillator cycle per machine cycle. Since the clock speed choice affects all functional logic, including timers, several hardware switchback features allow the clock speed to automatically return to the divide-by-1 mode from a reduced cycle rate. Setting the SWB (PMR.5) bit to 1 in software enables this switchback function. When CD1 and CD0 are programmed to the divide-by-1024 mode and the SWB bit is also enabled, the system forces the clock-divide control bits to automatically reset to the divide-by-1 mode whenever the system detects an externally enabled (and allowed by nesting priorities) interrupt. The switchback occurs whenever one of the two following conditions occurs. The first switchback condition is initiated by the detection of a low on either INT0, INT1, INT3, or INT5 or a high on INT2 or INT4 when the respective pin has been programmed and allowed (by nesting priorities) to issue an interrupt. The second switchback condition occurs when either serial port is enabled to receive data and is found to have an active-low transition on the respective receive-input pin. Serial port transmit activity also forces a switchback if the SWB is set. Note that the serial port activity, as related to the switchback, is independent of the serial port interrupt relationship. Any attempt to change the clock divider to the divide-by-1024 mode while the serial port is either transmitting or receiving has no effect, leaving the clock control in the divide-by1 mode. Note also that the switchback interrupt relationship requires that the respective external interrupt source is allowed to actually generate an interrupt, as defined by the priority of the interrupt and the state of the nested interrupts, before the switchback can actually occur. An interrupt by the serial port is not required, nor is the setting of serial port enable. Disabling external interrupts and serial port receive/transmission mode disables the automatic switchback mode. Clearing the SWB bit also disables the switchback, and all interrupt and serial port controls of the clock divider are disabled. All other clock modes ignore the switchback relationship and are unaffected by interrupts and serial port activity. The basic divide-by-12 mode for the timers (TxMH, TxM = 00b) as well as the divide by 32 and 64 for mode 2 on the serial ports has been maintained when running the processor with the oscillator divide ratio of 0.25, 0.5, and 1. 41 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Serial ports and timers track the oscillator cycles per machine cycle when the higher divide ratio of 1024 is selected, and require the switchback function to automatically return to the divide-by-1 mode for proper operation when a qualified event occurs. Table 14 summarizes the effect of clock mode on timer operation. It is possible to enable a receive function on a serial port when incoming data is not present and then change to the higher divide ratio. An inactive serial port receive/transmission mode requires the receive input pin to remain high and all outgoing transmissions to be completed. During this inactive receive mode it is possible to change the clock-divide control bits from a divide by 1 to a 1024 divide ratio. In the case when the serial port is being used to receive or transmit data, it is very important to validate an attempted change in the clock-divide control bits (read CD1 and CD0 to verify write was allowed) before proceeding with low-power program functions. Table 14. Effect of Clock Mode on Timer Operation (In Number of Oscillator Clocks) OSC CYCLES PER 4X/2X, CD1, CD0 OSC CYCLES PER MACHINE CYCLE 00 100 000 x01 x10 x11 x = Don't care. 0.25 0.5 1 (reserved) 1 (default) 1024 12 12,288 4 4096 1 1024 2 2048 12 12,288 4 4096 64 65,536 32 32,768 12 12 TIMERS 0, 1, 2 CLOCK TxMH,TxM = 01 1 2 1x 0.25 0.5 OSC CYCLES PER TIMER 2 CLOCK BAUD RATE GENERATION T2MH,T2M = xx 2 2 OSC CYCLES PER SERIAL PORT CLOCK MODE 0 SM2 = 0 3 6 SM2 = 1 1 2 OSC CYCLES PER SERIAL PORT CLOCK MODE 2 SMOD = 0 64 64 SMOD = 1 32 32 Ring Oscillator When the system is in stop mode the crystal is disabled. When stop mode is removed, the crystal requires a period of time to start up and stabilize. To allow the system to begin immediate execution of software following the removal of the stop mode, the ring oscillator is used to supply a system clock until the crystal startup time is satisfied. Once this time has passed, the ring oscillator is switched off and the system clock is switched to the crystal oscillator. This function is programmable and is enabled by setting the RGSL bit (EXIF.1) to logic 1. When it is logic 0, the processor delays software execution until after the 65,536 crystal clock periods. To allow the processor to know whether it is being clocked by the ring or by the crystal oscillator, an additional bit--RGMD-- indicates which clock source is being used. When the processor is running from the ring, the clock-divide control bits (CD1 and CD0 in the PMR register) are locked into the divide-by-1 mode (CD1:CD0 = 10b). The clock-divide control bits cannot be changed from this state until after the system clock transitions to the crystal oscillator (RGMD = 0). Note: The watchdog is connected to the crystal oscillator and continues to run at the external clock rate. The ring oscillator does not drive it. Idle Mode Idle mode suspends the processor by holding the program counter in a static state. No instructions are fetched and no processing occurs. Setting the IDLE bit (PCON.0) to logic 1 invokes idle mode. The instruction that executes this step is the last instruction prior to freezing the program counter. Once in idle mode, all resources are preserved, but all peripheral clocks remain active and the timers, watchdog, serial ports, and power monitor functions continue to operate, so that the processor can exit the idle mode using any interrupt sources that are enabled. The oscillator-detect circuit also continues to function when enabled. The IDLE bit is cleared automatically once the idle mode is exited. On returning from the interrupt vector using the RETI instruction, the next address is the one that immediately follows the instruction that invoked the idle mode. Any reset of the processor also removes the idle mode. 42 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers Stop Mode Stop mode disables all circuits within the processor. All on-chip clocks, timers, and serial port communication are stopped, and no processing is possible. Stop mode is invoked by setting the stop bit (PCON.1) to logic 1. The processor enters stop mode on the instruction that sets the bit. The processor can exit stop mode by using any of the six external interrupts that are enabled. An external reset through the RST pin unconditionally exits the processor from stop mode. If the BGS bit is set to logic 1, the bandgap provides a reset while in stop mode if VCC should drop below the VRST level. If BGS is 0, no reset is generated if VCC drops below VRST. When the stop mode is removed, the processor waits for 65,536 clock cycles for the internal flash memory to warm up before starting normal execution. Also, the processor waits for the crystal warmup period if it is not using the ring oscillator. Serial I/O The microcontroller provides a serial port (UART) that is identical to the 80C52. In addition, it includes a second hardware serial port that is a full duplicate of the standard one. This port optionally uses pins P1.2 (RXD1) and P1.3 (TXD1) and has duplicate control functions included in new SFR locations. Both ports can operate simultaneously but can be at different baud rates or modes. The second serial port has similar control registers (SCON1 at C0h, SBUF1 at C1h) to the original. The new serial port can only use timer 1 for timer-generated baud rates. Control for serial port 0 is provided by the SCON0 register, while its I/O buffer is SBUF0. The registers SCON1 and SBUF1 provide the same functions for the second serial port. A full description of the use and operation of both serial ports can be found in the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide. Instruction Set All instructions are 100% binary compatible with the industry-standard 8051, and are only different in the number of machine cycles used for the instructions. There are some special conditions and features to be considered when analyzing the DS89C430 instruction set. Full details are available in the Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontroller User's Guide. SELECTOR GUIDE PART DS89C430-MNL DS89C430-QNL DS89C430-ENL DS89C440-MNL DS89C440-QNL DS89C440-ENL DS89C450-MNL DS89C450-QNL DS89C450-ENL DS89C430-MNG DS89C430-QNG DS89C430-ENG DS89C440-MNG DS89C440-QNG DS89C440-ENG DS89C450-MNG DS89C450-QNG DS89C450-ENG TEMP RANGE -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C -40C to +85C FLASH MEMORY SIZE 16kB x 8 16kB x 8 16kB x 8 32kB x 8 32kB x 8 32kB x 8 64kB x 8 64kB x 8 64kB x 8 16kB x 8 16kB x 8 16kB x 8 32kB x 8 32kB x 8 32kB x 8 64kB x 8 64kB x 8 64kB x 8 MAX CLOCK SPEED (MHz) 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 PIN-PACKAGE 40 PDIP 44 PLCC 44 TQFP 40 PDIP 44 PLCC 44 TQFP 40 PDIP 44 PLCC 44 TQFP 40 PDIP 44 PLCC 44 TQFP 40 PDIP 44 PLCC 44 TQFP 40 PDIP 44 PLCC 44 TQFP 43 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers PIN CONFIGURATIONS TOP VIEW 6 7 1 40 39 DS89C430 DS89C440 DS89C450 17 18 28 29 PLCC 33 23 34 DS89C430 DS89C440 DS89C450 22 P1.0/T2 P1.1/T2EX P1.2/RXD1 P1.3/TXD1 P1.4/INT2 P1.5/INT3 P1.6/INT4 P1.7/INT5 RST P3.0/RXD0 P3.1/TXD0 P3.2/INT0 P3.3/INT1 P3.4/T0 P3.5/T1 P3.6/WR P3.7/RD XTAL2 XTAL1 VSS 1 40 2 39 3 38 4 37 5 36 6 35 7 34 8 33 9 32 10 DS89C430 31 11 DS89C440 30 12 DS89C450 29 13 28 14 27 15 26 16 25 24 18 23 19 22 20 21 VCC P0.0 P0.1 P0.2 P0.3 P0.4 P0.5 P0.6 P0.7 EA/VPP ALE/PROG PSEN P2.7 P2.6 P2.5 P2.4 P2.3 P2.2 P2.1 P2.0 44 12 PDIP 1 1 TQFP REVISION HISTORY DATE 111003 New product release. DC Electrical Characteristics table: Corrected typo--Under Supply Current for Active and Idle Mode, changed Units from "mA" to "mA." 032204 Note 15: Changed number of external clock cyles per system clock and minimum external clock speeds. Flash Memory Programming Characteristics table: Removed Note 20 (room temperature only) from the Data Retention parameter. Changed Write/Erase Endurance parameter from 20,000 cycles to 10,000 cycles. 060204 Removed original Table 5. Parallel Programming Instruction Set, and replaced it with a paragraph introducing the subject and advising interested parties to contact the factory for more information. Clarified IAP programming sequence. DESCRIPTION 44 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers PACKAGE INFORMATION (The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information, go to www.maxim-ic.com/DallasPackInfo.) Note: Dimensions are in inches. PKG DIM A A1 A2 B C D E E1 E L EB . 56-G5000-000 40-PIN PDIP MIN -- 0.015 0.140 0.014 0.008 1.980 0.600 0.530 0.090 0.115 0.600 MAX 0.200 -- 0.160 0.022 0.012 2.085 0.625 0.555 0.110 0.145 0.700 45 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers PACKAGE INFORMATION (continued) (The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information, go to www.maxim-ic.com/DallasPackInfo.) NOTE 1: PIN 1 IDENTIFIER TO BE LOCATED IN ZONE INDICATED. NOTE 2: CONTROLLING DIMENSION ARE IN INCHES. 46 of 47 DS89C430/DS89C440/DS89C450 Ultra-High-Speed Flash Microcontrollers PACKAGE INFORMATION (continued) (The package drawing(s) in this data sheet may not reflect the most current specifications. For the latest package outline information, go to www.maxim-ic.com/DallasPackInfo.) 47 of 47 Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor cannot assume responsibility for use of any circuitry other than circuitry entirely embodied in a Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor product. No circuit patent licenses are implied. Maxim/Dallas Semiconductor reserves the right to change the circuitry and specifications without notice at any time. Maxim Integrated Products, 120 San Gabriel Drive, Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-737-7600 (c) 2004 Maxim Integrated Products * Printed USA are registered trademarks of Maxim Integrated Products, Inc., and Dallas Semiconductor Corporation. |
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